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Non-citizens ((ラトビア語:nepilsoņi)) in Latvian law are individuals who are not citizens of Latvia or any other country but, who, in accordance with the Latvian law "Regarding the status of citizens of the former USSR who possess neither Latvian nor other citizenship", have the right to a non-citizen passport issued by the Latvian government as well as other specific rights. Approximately two thirds of them are ethnic Russians, followed by ethnic Belarusians, ethnic Ukrainians, ethnic Poles and ethnic Lithuanians.〔(Population of Latvia by ethnicity and nationality; Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs ) 2015〕 The non-citizens are "citizens of the former USSR (..) who reside in the Republic of Latvia as well as who are in temporary absence and their children who simultaneously comply with the following conditions: 1) on 1 July 1992 they were registered in the territory of Latvia regardless of the status of the living space indicated in the registration of residence, or up to 1 July 1992 their last registered place of residence was in the Republic of Latvia, or it has been determined by a court judgment that they have resided in the territory of Latvia for 10 consecutive years until the referred to date; 2) they are not citizens of Latvia; and 3) they are not and have not been citizens of another state." as well as "children of (aforementioned ) if both of their parents were non-citizens at the time of the birth of the children or one of the parents is a non-citizen, but the other is a stateless person or is unknown, or in accordance with mutual agreement of the parents, if one of the parents is a non-citizen, but the other – a citizen of other country"〔(Section 1 and Section 8, Law "On the Status of those Former U.S.S.R. Citizens who do not have the Citizenship of Latvia or that of any Other State" )〕 Children born after Latvia reestablished independence (August 21, 1991) to parents who are both non-citizens are entitled to citizenship upon request of at least one of the parents. While the issue of non-citizens is often equated to the problem of statelessness,〔(see para. 16 of the Resolution on national minorities ) OSCE PA, 2004〕〔(Amnesty International 2009 Report )〕〔(No one should have to be stateless in today’s Europe )〕〔(Report on mission to Latvia (2008) ), UN Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance — see Para. 30 and 88〕 other sources consider that the status of non-citizen in both Latvia and Estonia is unique and has not existed previously in international law.〔Synthesis Report: Conclusions and Recommendations on the Situation of Fundamental Rights in the European Union and its Member States in 2003, 4 February 2004, p. 90.〕 "Non-citizens" of Latvia enjoy a benefit not afforded to citizens of being able to travel to both the Schengen Area (where citizens of Latvia can travel visa-free, too) as well as Russia, without the need for a visa. (see: Visa requirements for Latvian non-citizens). ==Demography== According to the population census, in March 2011, there were 290,660 non-citizens living in Latvia or 14.1% of Latvian residents,〔(Population citizenship )〕 down from approximately 715,000 in 1991.〔''B. Bowring'' (Report of a second mission to the Republic of Latvia on behalf of FIDH and Bar of England and Wales ) HRC, 1994 — see p. 16〕 According to the Population Register, in January 2011, 326,735 non-citizens resided in Latvia.〔(Population of Latvia by nationality; Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs 1 January 2011. )〕 The data of the Population Register, as at January 2015, showed 262,622 non-citizens living in Latvia (12.2% of residents).〔(Population of Latvia by nationality; Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs 1 January 2015. )〕 By the far largest ethnic group of all non-citizens are Russians, who make up 65.6% of all non-citizens, 13.7% are Belarusians, 9.7% are Ukrainians, 3,5% are Poles and 2,6% are Lithuanians. Among largest ethnic groups in Latvia 0,04% of all Latvians are non-citizens, as are 30% of Russians, 50% of Belarusians, 49% of Ukrainians, 19% of Poles, 25% of Lithuanians, 25% of Jews, 5% of Roma and 21% of Germans.〔 In the age group below 18, non-citizens form 2.1% of residents; among adults - 14.2%; in the age group above 90, 25.0%, as at 2015.〔(Population of Latvia by year of birth and nationality; Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs ) 2015〕 As at 2014, the majority of non-citizens, 62.4%, live in the three biggest cities of country: Riga, Daugavpils and Liepāja, which comprise 40.3% of Latvia's population.〔(Population of Latvia by nationality and municipality; Data of the Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs ) 01.01.2014〕 Additionally, 4,282 non-citizens were registered as living outside Latvia.〔(Those living abroad by nationality and year of birth; Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs ) 2015〕 The referendum held in October 1998 eliminated the "windows" system, which limited the age groups allowed to naturalize each year. It also gave the right to children of non-citizens born in Latvia after August 21, 1991 to be registered as citizens without naturalisation〔(EU Enlargement and Latvian Citizenship Policy, retrieved 11 January 2009 )〕 barring imprisonment or other citizenship.〔(Citizenship of children ), OCMA website〕 Parents can request citizenship for their children until age 15, after which a child can make the request on their own behalf from age 15 to 17. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Non-citizens (Latvia)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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